@Article{Kane:2000:ReADu,
               author = "Kane, Rajaram Purushottam",
                title = "Relationship between El Niņo timings and rainfall extremes in NE 
                         Brazil, S{\~a}o Paulo city and south Brazil. / 
                         Rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o entre a dura{\c{c}}{\~a}o do El Niņo e 
                         extremos pluviom{\'e}tricos no nordeste, cidade de S{\~a}o Paulo 
                         e sul do Brasil",
              journal = "Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia",
                 year = "2000",
               volume = "15",
               number = "1",
                pages = "45--57",
             keywords = "El Niņo, chuvas no NE do Brasil, NE Brazil rainfall.",
             abstract = "El Niņos are believed to be associated with droughts in NE Brazil 
                         and excess rains in south Brazil. However, some El Niņos do not 
                         show such a relationship. Since El Ni¤os can commence in any month 
                         during the year. El Ni¤os starting after the main rainy season or 
                         terminating before the main rainy season may not be effective. In 
                         this communication, the timings of El Niņos vis a vis rainfall are 
                         examined. For NE Brazil near Fortaleza, the main rainy season is 
                         MAM (March, April, May). It was noticed, that during 1940-1992, 
                         there were I I El Ni¤o events that had commencements in 
                         Jan.-Feb.Mar., suitable for resulting in droughts in MAM; but only 
                         4 resulted in droughts. Thus, the El Niņos relationship (expected 
                         droughts) in the main rainy season of NE Brazil was very poor. In 
                         contrast, the pre.-rainy season months DJF seeined to show 
                         significant rain deficits, in 9 out of the 11 events. The reason 
                         for this needs further study. In Sao Paulo City, the El Niņo 
                         effects were erratic. Normal as well excess or deficit rainfalls 
                         occurred, though a slight bias for excess rains during local 
                         spring (ASON months) was indicated. In south Brazil, only El Niņo 
                         active during the latter half of the calendar year were effective 
                         in causing excess rains. Overall, the El Niņo-rainfall 
                         relationship was poor, and effects due to other factors (Atlantic 
                         sea surface temperatures, cold fronts from the Antarctic, etc.)are 
                         probably more important, as is already reported in the 
                         literature.",
                 issn = "0102-7786",
                label = "9720",
           targetfile = "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EL NINO TIMINGS AND RAINFALL.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "05 maio 2024"
}